Nearly two years after a Wall Street meltdown left the economy reeling, the House on Wednesday passed a massive overhaul of financial regulations that would extend the government's reach from storefront thrifts to the high-finance penthouses of New York City.
"No longer again will recklessness on Wall Street cause joblessness on Main Street. No longer will the risky behavior of the few threaten the financial stability of our families, our businesses and our economy as a whole," House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said after the 237-192 vote.
But House Republicans largely opposed the bill, and that sentiment is shared in the Senate, where just a few GOP lawmakers have indicated they would support it.
With a memorial service for West Virginia Sen. Robert Byrd at the Capitol on Thursday, the Senate won't schedule a vote on the legislation until after the July 4 recess.
Regardless, the bill is in trouble, as it is unclear whether Senate Democrats can maintain their slim margin of votes even after meeting Republican demands and backing down on a $19 billion tax on big banks and hedge funds.
The legislation would strengthen the powers of regulators to monitor the financial industry and take action against failing companies that threaten the entire system. It would also add a new consumer-oriented bureau to watch over home loans and other lending.
The House vote broke largely along party lines but attracted more support than in December when no Republicans voted for the House version of the bill. The new legislation combines the House bill with one passed by the Senate last month.
"Never again, never again should Wall Street greed bring such suffering to our country," House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer (D-MD) declared.
Republicans portrayed the bill as a vast overreach of government power that would do little to prevent future bailouts of failing financial institutions. They complained that it failed to place tighter restrictions on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the mortgage giants forced into huge federal bailouts after their questionable lending helped trigger the housing and economic meltdowns.
"This legislation is a clear attack on capital formation in America," said Rep. Eric Cantor of Virginia, the second-ranking House Republican. "It purports to prevent the next financial crisis, but it does so by vastly expanding the power of the same regulators who failed to stop the last one."
As predictable as the House vote may have been, the Senate was a study in unpredictability.
House and Senate negotiators were forced to reconvene Tuesday to remove a $19 billion tax on large banks and hedge funds, hoping to overcome objections from Sens. Scott Brown, Susan Collins and Olympia Snowe, all Republicans who voted for the Senate version last month.
Democrats inserted the tax late last week as they assembled a combined House-Senate bill, catching big banks by surprise. Brown was the first to complain and threatened to vote against the bill if the tax remained in the final measure.
Desperate to hold at least 60 votes to beat back procedural hurdles, House Financial Services Committee Chairman Barney Frank, Senate Banking Committee Chairman Chris Dodd and Obama administration officials scrambled to drop the tax and devise another means of financing the bill's cost.
In the end, House and Senate negotiators, voting along party lines, agreed to pay for the bill with $11 billion generated by ending the unpopular Troubled Asset Relief Program -- the $700 billion bank bailout created in the fall of 2008 at the height of the financial scare.
They also agreed to increase premium rates paid by commercial banks to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. to insure bank deposits. The increase would not affect banks with assets under $10 billion.
On Wednesday, Collins issued a statement saying she was now inclined to vote for the bill.
But Brown of Massachusetts remained uncommitted, saying he was still reviewing the bill's details. He did credit Dodd for "thinking outside the box" in finding an alternative.
Obama on Wednesday decried Republican opposition to the bill.
In remarks in Racine, Wis., the president took aim at House Republican leader John Boehner of Ohio for remarking in a newspaper interview that the financial regulation bill was like using a nuclear weapon on an ant.
"If the Republican leader is that out of touch with the struggles facing the American people, he should come here to Racine and ask people if they think the financial crisis was an ant," Obama said.
The administration and House and Senate lawmakers have worked for more than a year to forge a bill. It has prompted a backlash from the financial industry and a populist cry from Congress to punish banks for the freewheeling practices that contributed to the 2008 meltdown.
Analysts by and large found the legislation tougher than what the Obama administration had recommended, but not as harsh as the industry had feared.
The legislation creates a new federal agency to police consumer lending, set up a warning system for financial risks, force failing firms to liquidate and map new rules for instruments that have been largely uncontrolled.
"This bill has the biggest package of increased consumer protections in the history of America," Frank said.
The legislation requires bank holding companies to spin off their derivatives business into self-funded subsidiaries. Banks would be allowed to keep less risky derivatives operations.
It sets new standards for what banks must keep in reserve to protect against losses, though lobbyists carved out a grandfather exception for banks with assets of less than $15 billion.
The legislation also adopted the Obama administration's so-called Volcker Rule, named after its chief advocate, former Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker. Commercial banks would not be permitted to trade in speculative investments. But negotiators agreed to let them invest in hedge funds and private equity funds, setting an investment limit of no more than 3 percent of their capital.
NPR's Audie Cornish contributed to this report, which contains material from The Associated Press
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