Sugar skulls, tamales, and a spirit's favorite spirits -- These are things you might find on the altar in cemeteries all over Mexico and nearby places where families go to picnic and celebrate the Day of the Dead, or Dia de los Muertos, on Nov. 1 and 2.
The Aztecs developed the rituals some 3,000 years ago because they believed one should not grieve the loss of a beloved ancestor who passed, but rather celebrate their lives and welcome the return of their spirits to the land of the living once a year. That's where the food and drink and music ofrendas, or offerings, come in.
Hayes Lavis, Cultural Arts Curator for the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian, says that mourning was not allowed because it was believed the tears would make the spirit's path treacherous and slippery, "This day is a joyous occasion; It's a time to gather with everyone in your family, those alive and those dead," he says.
During the Spanish conquest, the Catholic religion exerted its influence, and the resulting mash up created the Day of the Dead celebration as we now know it.
Everything on an altar has special meaning, and if you want to try this at home, we've decoded the altar created for the Smithsonian:
Sugar skulls: Elaborately decorated skulls are crafted from pure sugar and given to friends as gifts. The colorful designs represent the vitality of life and individual personality.
Food: The ancestor's favorite meals are placed on the altar as offerings. Here, tamale is being served. Tamales are made from corn-based dough, wrapped in cornhusk, then steamed. They are filled with a variety of ingredients like shredded chicken in a green spicy sauce or sweetened with pineapple-cinnamon jellies.
Pan de Muertos: Semisweet breads are baked with a small human figurine inside. It's considered good luck to find the tiny surprise in your slice -- kind of like when you get the baby in the King Cake on Fat Tuesday. Breads are also used to represent the soil.
Seeds: Pumpkin seeds or amaranth seeds are offered as snacks for the visiting ancestral spirit. In pre-Columbian times, Aztecs used amaranth seeds instead of sugar to make the skulls.
Alcohol: Provided to toast the arrival of the ancestors. In pre-Columbian times, pulque, a beverage made from sap of maguey or agave plant was reserved for special spiritual ceremonies. Today, any favorite alcoholic beverage can be used to toast.
Monarch butterfly: These butterflies, which migrate to Mexico each fall, were believed to be the spirits of the ancestors coming to visit.
Photographs: Images of loved ones who have died are placed on the altar. This photograph shows Teodomiro Nrquiola. His great-grand son, Luis Alipaz, placed it on an altar at the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian.
Papel picado: Delicately decorated tissue paper is used to represent wind and the fragility of life.
Dogs and Candles: Dogs were believed to guide the ancestral spirits to their final resting place in the afterlife. Candles represent fire and are a light guiding them back to visit the land of the living.
To learn more, check out this interactive website the Smithsonian folks put together.
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