Updated September 23, 2025 at 12:25 PM ET
This story was originally published on April 18, 2025, and has been updated.
On Monday, President Trump announced that the Food and Drug Administration would be discouraging the use of acetaminophen during pregnancy, suggesting a link between autism and the over-the-counter painkiller.
In a statement sent to NPR's health correspondents, Tylenol-maker Kenvue disputed the administration's claims.
"We believe independent, sound science clearly shows that taking acetaminophen does not cause autism," the statement said. "We strongly disagree with any suggestion otherwise and are deeply concerned about the health risks and confusion this poses for expecting mothers and parents."
Health care professionals say that common painkillers like acetaminophen or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can be safe and effective for pain relief when used correctly. (Although NSAIDs are not recommended during pregnancy.) That means following the instructions on the label and the advice of a health care provider.
"But that's not how we take these medications in real life," says Dr. Trisha Pasricha, a physician and instructor at Harvard Medical School. Some people take too much pain medication too quickly, misdiagnose an ailment and take the wrong drug, or unknowingly take multiple pain relievers at the same time.
These behaviors can lead to serious side effects, from bloating and nausea all the way up to heart attack and stroke, Pasricha says.
To prevent these risks, the health care professionals we spoke to for this story say it's important to get to know the painkillers in your medicine cabinet. Here are nine things they wish you knew about these drugs.
1. Acetaminophen is usually the better choice for fevers, says University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Clinical Pharmacist Candy Tsourounis. Commonly known as Tylenol, it's thought to reduce fever and relieve minor aches and pains by raising your body's pain threshold and regulating your body temperature. It's also gentler on the body than NSAIDs.
The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, which recommends using acetaminophen to treat fever and pain in pregnant women, says that untreated fever can cause grave harms such as miscarriage, birth defects or premature birth, especially early in a pregnancy, reports NPR.
2. Taking too much acetaminophen at one time or too many doses close together can cause liver damage, Tsourounis says. The recommended max dosage for adults, including pregnant women, is 3,000 milligrams per day. (That's about nine regular-strength pills.) Don't mix it with alcohol, which is also hard on the liver.
3. NSAIDs are generally considered more effective than acetaminophen for pain relief, Tsourounis says, especially for inflammatory pain like muscle aches. While acetaminophen is thought to work only on the central nervous system, NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen (like Advil or Motrin) or naproxen (like Aleve) work throughout the body to reduce inflammation, pain and fever.
Keep in mind, NSAIDs carry serious risks to the gut and the heart. Common side effects include stomach pain, heartburn or bloating. You can also experience more serious damage like ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding or kidney damage if you take NSAIDs at too high a dose or even just for too long a time period, Pasricha says. Non-aspirin NSAIDs have the potential to raise your blood pressure. Every NSAID has a different max dose, so pay attention to your labels.
If you are pregnant, ask a health professional before you reach for an NSAID. That's especially important at 20 weeks or later as these medicines may affect fetal development.
4. If you're not sure which painkiller to use or how much to take, talk to the pharmacist, says Blamoh Twegbe, pharmacy manager at UCSF Outpatient Pharmacy. "Please utilize us. That's what we're here for!" They can help you make an informed decision by asking about your type of pain and chronic conditions, and checking any potential drug interactions.
5. There's a limit to how much pain NSAIDs can treat, Pasricha says. If you take more than the recommended dosage, or more than one type of NSAID at once — for example, combining Motrin and Aleve — you're increasing your risk of side effects without getting any additional pain relief. If you feel your OTC medication isn't working, talk to a doctor or pharmacist instead of ignoring the warning label.
6. If you're habitually reaching for the same OTC pain medication, talk to your health care provider. For example, if you're taking naproxen every day of your period every month because of muscle cramps. Pasricha says that pain might signal a larger underlying health problem that could be better treated with prescription medication, lifestyle changes or both.
7. Beware of accidentally overmedicating with combination OTC drugs. Acetaminophen and NSAIDs are often included in a lot of other sick-day remedies, like migraine medication, allergy pills or all-in-one cold and flu medicines, says Twegbe. So when you're not feeling well, double check your labels before assuming you need a dose of Tylenol on top of those cold relief meds.
8. Alternate between NSAIDs and acetaminophen to manage major pain and reduce side effects. If you're suffering from the flu or nursing a new injury and need strong and steady pain relief, switching between Tylenol and an NSAID like ibuprofen every few hours can be a safe and effective way to help you cope until your symptoms subside, Twegbe says. Just make sure to follow recommended dosages and dosing times for each medication.
9. Think beyond pills. Because over-the-counter pain relievers are so readily available, people often forget pills aren't the only option when suffering minor aches and pains, Pasricha says. Many NSAIDs and other analgesics are available in topical form, like creams or patches, and can offer similar relief without the potential side effects to your gut.
There are also non-medicated remedies, like heating pads to ease back pain or exercising in water for arthritis. Talk to your doctor about your alternatives, Pasricha says. "They might even control your pain more reliably than just taking medicine."
The digital story was edited by Diane Webber, Meghan Keane and Malaka Gharib. The visual editor is Beck Harlan. We'd love to hear from you. Leave us a voicemail at 202-216-9823, or email us at LifeKit@npr.org.
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