Mark Gottlieb's life changed in an instant when another driver crashed into his car at an intersection in Hackensack, N.J., damaging four vertebrae in his upper spine and smashing six teeth.
In the months following that January 2019 crash, Gottlieb got the teeth crowned and, for debilitating neck pain, tried injections, chiropractic care and physical therapy. The treatments were all covered by his car insurance.
New Jersey law, as in 12 other states, requires drivers to buy personal injury protection coverage as part of their auto insurance policy, to pay for medical expenses. Gottlieb had the maximum coverage: $250,000.
Unfortunately, his pain persisted. "Nothing was working. The only other thing was surgery," he says.
Though he wanted his operation performed near his home, Gottlieb says, staff members at the Bergen Pain Management clinic, where he was receiving care, insisted he go to Hudson Regional Hospital in Secaucus. On April 3, 2020, Gottlieb underwent a complex type of fusion surgery on the herniated disks in his cervical spine. He went home the same day.
His pain improved a bit. Then the bills came.
The patient: Mark Gottlieb, 59, a marketing consultant in Little Ferry, N.J., covered for $250,000 in medical costs by his Geico car insurance policy. He also has an Aetna health insurance policy, which is to provide secondary coverage.
Medical service: anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, a type of neck surgery to replace damaged disks with bone grafts or implants to stabilize the spine
Service provider: Hudson Regional Hospital, a stand-alone, for-profit facility in Secaucus, N.J., and Bergen Pain Management in Paramus, N.J.
Total bill: Taken together, the hospital and surgeon billed Gottlieb more than $700,000. The hospital billed $445,995 for the surgery, an amount reduced to $133,778 by Geico, which ultimately paid $103,354. Bergen Pain Management billed an additional $264,444 for the main surgeon. Based on a review, Geico reduced that to $141,548. It paid $52,365 toward that before Gottlieb's medical coverage in his auto policy was exhausted. Then it was up to his health insurer or Gottlieb to deal with the rest.
What gives: When injuries are the result of auto accidents, car insurance is primarily responsible for negotiating and paying the insurance portion of medical bills. That creates a host of financial land mines for patients.
Gottlieb hit all of them.
With high charges common in the U.S. for treatment, accident victims can easily exhaust the policy limits of even generous personal injury coverage, leaving some vulnerable to huge bills.
Although it's rare to hear car insurers complain that they paid a hospital or doctor too much, auto insurers "typically pay more for some of the same services" than health insurers do, says Robert Passmore, a vice president at the American Property Casualty Insurance Association, a trade group.
That's in part because, unlike health insurers, auto insurers generally don't have broad networks of medical providers that have agreed to negotiated discounts off their billed charges. So patients end up "out of network," subject to whatever list price the provider charges.
Gottlieb said he checked with Geico before his surgery but was told it had no information for him about networks. With about $190,000 remaining in his personal injury protection fund at the time, he was not too worried. He says efforts to get cost estimates were unsuccessful.
Instead of network rates, car insurers generally use other payment calculations. Some states set specific payments on fee schedules. But not every medical billing code is listed, and in those cases car insurers sometimes pay whatever the provider bills.
In this case, that was a lot: Gottlieb's hospital and surgeon's charges, even after being reduced by Geico, were about eight times as high as what Medicare would have paid.
While Geico generally pays rates set by the state (which are dramatically lower than what was charged), Gottlieb's bill included a bunch of billing codes not on the state's schedule. For most, the insurer paid exactly what was charged. For example, Geico allowed the full price of $65,125 charged by the surgeon for the removal of a damaged disk and paid the hospital $39,195 for nine surgical screws.
By September, with bills from his various providers still rolling in, Gottlieb's personal injury protection fund ran out after the remaining $52,365 was paid to Bergen Pain Management — short of the $141,548 Geico had recommended as reimbursement for the surgeon.
Insurance pays bills as they are submitted, which is often not in the order in which the treatment was rendered.
"It appears that Bergen Pain Management is still entitled to the $89,183.55 balance of the billing from your procedure," Geico wrote in a September letter to Gottlieb, which added that he could submit that balance to his health insurer or pay it himself.
When he submitted the surgeon's bill to Aetna, he discovered that neither the doctor nor the hospital was in his health insurance network. He had not checked before the operation since he never dreamed that outpatient surgery would exhaust the auto policy.
That means Aetna did not have a negotiated rate with his providers, which might have knocked the charges down dramatically.
Instead, Aetna said it would allow an out-of-network payment of $4,051 for the surgeon, according to a Jan. 28 email to Gottlieb. In a written statement to Kaiser Health News, Aetna spokesperson Ethan Slavin said that amount was based on Gottlieb's policy terms, which set physician payments about 10% above Medicare rates for out-of-network care.
Because he had not yet met his annual out-of-network deductible, Gottlieb himself would have had to pay the $4,051. He withdrew his request for Aetna to pay. Because out-of-network surgeons frequently go after patients to pay the balance of such bills, Gottlieb is waiting to see if Bergen Pain Management — which has already been paid $52,365 for the surgery — will come after him for more.
So far, neither the Bergen clinic nor the surgeon has sent him to collections or sued for the amount. Neither responded to multiple emails and phone calls placed by KHN seeking comment.
In a written statement, Hudson Regional Hospital spokesperson Ron Simoncini said that the facility "charged the state-mandated fee" where applicable and that where there was no such mandate, "the charges were reasonable." The hospital is not seeking additional payment.
Citing policyholder privacy, Geico declined to answer KHN's questions, including how it determines what it will pay.
Did the auto insurer pay too much?
Geico had set an allowable reimbursement of $141,548 as the surgeon's fee.
"That is an outrageously high surgeon's fee for this type of surgery," says Dr. Eeric Truumees, a professor at Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin.
"I do a tremendous amount of complex cervical spine surgery and never had a fee that high, even for complex surgery that takes 10 hours," said Truumees, president of the North American Spine Society. He had no direct knowledge of Gottlieb's case.
Altogether, Geico recommended and partly paid nearly $245,000 to the hospital and surgeon for the procedure.
In contrast, Medicare would have paid about $29,500 for the entire procedure, with about $1,800 of that going to the surgeon and the rest to the hospital, according to researchers at Rand Corp. who analyzed Gottlieb's bills at KHN and NPR's request.
The surgeon's bill was also high compared with what private insurance usually pays, according to Barry Silver of Healthcare Horizons Consulting Group in Knoxville, Tenn. Silver compared Gottlieb's bills with hundreds of similar claims from two carriers that administer employer-based health insurance nationwide. The total Geico paid the hospital was in line with what employers paid and was actually less than the two highest fees seen in his data. But the highest allowed charge in Silver's database for the surgeon's fee was $87,549 — far less than the $141,548 Geico recommended.
Resolution: Gottlieb remains in the dark about whether Bergen Pain Management will seek the remaining $89,000 toward his bill.
Previously, Gottlieb sued the driver who caused the accident — and won a substantial "pain and suffering" court settlement. He wants to preserve it for future medical needs.
He has filed numerous complaints about his bills with state regulators, lawmakers and his insurers. Aetna sent his surgeon's bill to its internal Special Investigations Unit following his complaint.
But "based on our investigation, we determined there was no further need for action," spokesperson Slavin says.
The takeaway: Most people are unaware that auto insurance kicks in first after an accident and that it works very differently from health insurance — so you have to pay attention to how the policies coordinate.
That's especially true if the accident requires major treatment.
If you have a low amount of personal injury coverage in your automobile policy, your medical bills may well kick over to your health policy. So when you sign up for nonemergency treatment — especially if it's extensive, like surgery — it's important to make sure the providers are classified as "in network" by your health insurer.
Some auto insurers also have networks. Ask whether yours does.
Try to get cost estimates in writing for nonemergency care and compare that with what you have left in your auto policy coverage.
"If it's more than you have left, it may be possible to negotiate with the hospital or doctor to reduce their charges," says Silver at Healthcare Horizons.
KHN's Stephanie O'Neill and Dr. Elisabeth Rosenthal contributed to the audio version of this story.
Bill of the Month is a crowdsourced investigation by KHN and NPR that dissects and explains medical bills. Do you have an interesting medical bill you want to share with us? Tell us about it.
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